EXTRAPULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS: DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES AND EMERGING SOLUTIONS

Abstract

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) remains a significant diagnostic challenge due to its paucibacillary nature and non-specific clinical presentation. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as smear microscopy and culture, often yield low sensitivity in non-pulmonary samples. This review explores the biological barriers to EPTB detection, including hematogenous dissemination and granulomatous inflammation, while evaluating the efficacy of molecular platforms like Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra. By analyzing current diagnostic gaps, we highlight the necessity of integrating host-response biomarkers and advanced imaging to prevent delayed treatment and the rise of multi-drug resistant strains in extrapulmonary sites.