THE IMPACT OF FIREARMS AND CHRISTIANITY ON 16TH CENTURY JAPAN DURING THE SENGOKU PERIOD

Abstract

In the mid-16th century, during Japan’s Sengoku (Warring States) period, the country experienced major transformations due to the introduction of European firearms and Christianity. In 1543, a Portuguese ship accidentally arrived at Tanegashima Island, bringing with it the matchlock gun—a revolutionary weapon in Japan’s military history. The Japanese quickly learned to reproduce and improve this technology, leading to significant changes in warfare tactics and castle architecture. Simultaneously, Jesuit missionaries, led by Francis Xavier, introduced Christianity, which gained followers among the population and some powerful daimyo, known as "Kirishitan Daimyo." This cultural and technological exchange with the West had lasting effects on Japanese politics, society, and international relations.