THE IMPACT OF GENERATIVE AI (CHATGPT, CLAUDE, GEMINI) ON EGLISH AS FOREIGN LANGUAGE (EFL)WRITING SKILLS

Abstract

This article examines the impact of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) tools—specifically ChatGPT, Claude, and Gemini—on English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners’ writing skills, based on real empirical evidence from 2023–2025. A systematic review of over 40 peer-reviewed studies and meta-analyses reveals that GenAI significantly enhances grammatical accuracy, lexical richness, text coherence, and overall writing quality when used as a supportive tutor rather than a substitute writer. Quantitative improvements range from 28% to 45% in holistic writing scores in controlled experiments (Lee, 2024; Kim & Park, 2025; Barrett & Chen, 2025). However, over-reliance on these tools is associated with increased plagiarism risk, reduced critical thinking, diminished originality, and weaker long-term skill retention. The paper argues for a balanced pedagogical approach in which GenAI serves as a process-oriented writing coach (for brainstorming, feedback, and revision) rather than a product generator. Practical recommendations, ethical guidelines, and classroom-tested strategies are provided for EFL instructors to maximize benefits while minimizing risks.