II JAHON URUSHIDAN KEYIN GFR NING SIYOSIY VA IQTISODIY HAYOTI (1949-1990)
Keywords:
GFR, Asosiy qonun, ijtimoiy bozor iqtisodiyoti, Wirtschaftswunder, Ostpolitik, barqarorlashtirish siyosati, Yevropa integratsiyasi.Abstract
1949–1990 yillardagi Germaniya Federativ Respublikasi (GFR) tajribasi Yevropada demokratik institutlar barqarorlashuvi va “ijtimoiy bozor iqtisodiyoti” asosida tez o‘sish, keyin esa tashqi shoklar sharoitida moslashuv siyosatini ko‘rsatadigan klassik holat hisoblanadi. Ushbu maqolaning maqsadi GFRning siyosiy tizimi (Asosiy qonun, koalitsion boshqaruv, xavfsizlik va tashqi siyosat kurslari) hamda iqtisodiy siyosati (ijtimoiy bozor modeli, makrobarqarorlashtirish, integratsiya va eksportga tayangan o‘sish) o‘rtasidagi bog‘liqlikni 1949–1990 davrida bosqichma-bosqich tahlil qilishdir. Metodologiya sifatida tarixiy-institutsional tahlil, davrlashtirish va manbalarni qiyosiy tekshirish qo‘llandi: konstitutsiyaviy manbalar, rasmiy tarixiy sharhlar, markaziy bank materiallari hamda xalqaro tashkilotlar/ensiklopedik sharhlar bir-biri bilan solishtirildi. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, 1950–60 yillarda iqtisodiy “mo‘jiza” (Wirtschaftswunder) siyosiy barqarorlik va bozor institutlari bilan birga Yevropa integratsiyasi va tashqi xavfsizlik arxitekturasi (G‘arbga bog‘lanish) bilan kuchaydi; 1966–67 sekinlashuvdan so‘ng davlat “barqarorlik va o‘sish” maqsadlarini huquqiy-me’yoriy doiraga kiritdi; 1970-yillarda Ostpolitik va neft inqirozlari fonida inflyatsiya va ishsizlik muammolari kuchaydi, ammo pul-kredit intizomi tufayli narx barqarorligi ko‘plab davlatlarga nisbatan yaxshiroq saqlandi; 1980-yillarda esa konsolidatsiya, yangi siyosiy kuchlar (Yashillar) va 1989 yildagi burilish GFR siyosiy-iqtisodiy tizimini 1990 yil birlashuviga olib keldi. Xulosa: GFRda institutlar (Asosiy qonun), tashqi integratsiya va makrobarqarorlashtirish mexanizmlari o‘zaro uyg‘unlashib, uzoq muddatli barqarorlikni ta’minlagan, biroq 1970-yillardagi shoklar ijtimoiy xarajatlar, strukturaviy ishsizlik va siyosiy radikallashuv xavfini ham oshirgan.
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